Theory of photon condensation in an arbitrary gauge condensed matter cavity model

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.07066v2
• Date: Wed, 26 Oct 2022 12:23:24 GMT
• Title: Theory of photon condensation in an arbitrary gauge condensed matter cavity model
• Authors: Dominic M. Rouse, Adam Stokes, Ahsan Nazir
• Abstract summary: We derive an arbitrary-gauge criterion under which condensed matter within an electromagnetic field may transition to a photon condensed phase. We demonstrate the gauge-invariance of our description directly, but since matter and photons are gauge-relative concepts we find more generally that photon condensation can occur within a spatially uniform field.
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• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: We derive an arbitrary-gauge criterion under which condensed matter within an electromagnetic field may transition to a photon condensed phase. Previous results are recovered by selecting the Coulomb-gauge wherein photon condensation can only occur for a spatially-varying field and can be interpreted as a magnetic instability. We demonstrate the gauge-invariance of our description directly, but since matter and photons are gauge-relative concepts we find more generally that photon condensation can occur within a spatially uniform field, and that the relative extent to which the instability is both magnetic and electric versus purely magnetic depends on the gauge.

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