Resource-efficient Direct Characterization of General Density Matrix

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.06903v2
• Date: Sun, 14 Jul 2024 05:03:42 GMT
• Title: Resource-efficient Direct Characterization of General Density Matrix
• Authors: Liang Xu, Mingti Zhou, Runxia Tao, Zhipeng Zhong, Ben Wang, Zhiyong Cao, Hongkuan Xia, Qianyi Wang, Hao Zhan, Aonan Zhang, Shang Yu, Nanyang Xu, Ying Dong, Changliang Ren, Lijian Zhang,
• Abstract summary: Sequential weak measurements allow the direct extraction of individual density-matrix elements instead of globally reconstructing the whole density matrix. We propose a resource-efficient scheme (RES) to directly characterize the density matrix of general multi-qudit systems. We experimentally apply the RES to the direct characterization of general single-photon qutrit states and two-photon entangled states.
• Score: 10.147208307495442
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Sequential weak measurements allow the direct extraction of individual density-matrix elements instead of globally reconstructing the whole density matrix, opening a new avenue for the characterization of quantum systems. Nevertheless, the requirement of multiple coupling for each qudit of quantum systems and the lack of appropriate precision evaluation constraint its applicability extension, especially for multi-qudit quantum systems. Here, we propose a resource-efficient scheme (RES) to directly characterize the density matrix of general multi-qudit systems, which not only optimizes the measurements but also establishes a feasible estimation analysis. In this scheme, an efficient observable of quantum system is constructed such that a single meter state coupled to each qudit is sufficient to extract the corresponding density-matrix element. An appropriate model based on the statistical distribution of errors are used to evaluate the precision and feasibility of the scheme. We experimentally apply the RES to the direct characterization of general single-photon qutrit states and two-photon entangled states. The results show that the RES outperforms the sequential schemes in terms of efficiency and precision in both weak- and strong- coupling scenarios. This work sheds new light on the practical characterization of large-scale quantum systems and investigation of their non-classical properties.

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