The Paradox of Bose-Einstein Condensation

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11743v1
• Date: Sun, 16 Jul 2023 01:43:03 GMT
• Title: The Paradox of Bose-Einstein Condensation
• Authors: Phil Attard
• Abstract summary: The paradox of Bose-Einstein condensation is that phenomena such as the $lambda$-transition heat capacity and superfluid flow are macroscopic, whereas the occupancy of the ground state is microscopic. This contradiction is resolved with a simple derivation for ideal bosons that shows Bose-Einstein condensation is into multiple low-lying states, not just the ground state.
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• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: The paradox of Bose-Einstein condensation is that phenomena such as the $\lambda$-transition heat capacity and superfluid flow are macroscopic, whereas the occupancy of the ground state is microscopic. This contradiction is resolved with a simple derivation for ideal bosons that shows Bose-Einstein condensation is into multiple low-lying states, not just the ground state.

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