Multi-growth stage plant recognition: a case study of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.15816v1
• Date: Fri, 28 Jul 2023 21:14:43 GMT
• Title: Multi-growth stage plant recognition: a case study of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
• Authors: Guy RY Coleman, Matthew Kutugata, Michael J Walsh, Muthukumar Bagavathiannan
• Abstract summary: We investigate eight-class growth stage recognition of Amaranthus palmeri in cotton. We compare 26 different architecture variants from YOLO v3, v5, v6, v6 3.0, v7, and v8. Highest mAP@[0.5:0.95] for recognition of all growth stage classes was 47.34% achieved by v8-X.
• Score: 0.3441021278275805
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Many advanced, image-based precision agricultural technologies for plant breeding, field crop research, and site-specific crop management hinge on the reliable detection and phenotyping of plants across highly variable morphological growth stages. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown promise for image-based plant phenotyping and weed recognition, but their ability to recognize growth stages, often with stark differences in appearance, is uncertain. Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) is a particularly challenging weed plant in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production, exhibiting highly variable plant morphology both across growth stages over a growing season, as well as between plants at a given growth stage due to high genetic diversity. In this paper, we investigate eight-class growth stage recognition of A. palmeri in cotton as a challenging model for You Only Look Once (YOLO) architectures. We compare 26 different architecture variants from YOLO v3, v5, v6, v6 3.0, v7, and v8 on an eight-class growth stage dataset of A. palmeri. The highest mAP@[0.5:0.95] for recognition of all growth stage classes was 47.34% achieved by v8-X, with inter-class confusion across visually similar growth stages. With all growth stages grouped as a single class, performance increased, with a maximum mean average precision (mAP@[0.5:0.95]) of 67.05% achieved by v7-Original. Single class recall of up to 81.42% was achieved by v5-X, and precision of up to 89.72% was achieved by v8-X. Class activation maps (CAM) were used to understand model attention on the complex dataset. Fewer classes, grouped by visual or size features improved performance over the ground-truth eight-class dataset. Successful growth stage detection highlights the substantial opportunity for improving plant phenotyping and weed recognition technologies with open-source object detection architectures.

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