Quasi-deterministic Localization of Er Emitters in Thin Film TiO$_2$ through Submicron-scale Crystalline Phase Control

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.14999v1
• Date: Tue, 29 Aug 2023 03:24:58 GMT
• Title: Quasi-deterministic Localization of Er Emitters in Thin Film TiO$_2$ through Submicron-scale Crystalline Phase Control
• Authors: Sean E. Sullivan, Jonghoon Ahn, Tao Zhou, Preetha Saha, Martin V. Holt, Supratik Guha, F. J. Heremans, Manish Kumar Singh
• Abstract summary: Rare-earth ions (REIs) offer optical and electron spin transitions with good coherence properties. Trivalent erbium (Er$3+$) uniquely has an optical transition in the telecom C-band. We show how to locally tune the optical resonance of Er$3+$ emitters in TiO$$ thin films on Si.
• Score: 5.011073409107404
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
• Abstract: With their shielded 4f orbitals, rare-earth ions (REIs) offer optical and electron spin transitions with good coherence properties even when embedded in a host crystal matrix, highlighting their utility as promising quantum emitters and memories for quantum information processing. Among REIs, trivalent erbium (Er$^{3+}$) uniquely has an optical transition in the telecom C-band, ideal for transmission over optical fibers, and making it well-suited for applications in quantum communication. The deployment of Er$^{3+}$ emitters into a thin film TiO$_2$ platform has been a promising step towards scalable integration; however, like many solid-state systems, the deterministic spatial placement of quantum emitters remains an open challenge. We investigate laser annealing as a means to locally tune the optical resonance of Er$^{3+}$ emitters in TiO$_2$ thin films on Si. Using both nanoscale X-ray diffraction measurements and cryogenic photoluminescence spectroscopy, we show that tightly focused below-gap laser annealing can induce anatase to rutile phase transitions in a nearly diffraction-limited area of the films and improve local crystallinity through grain growth. As a percentage of the Er:TiO$_2$ is converted to rutile, the Er$^{3+}$ optical transition blueshifts by 13 nm. We explore the effects of changing laser annealing time and show that the amount of optically active Er:rutile increases linearly with laser power. We additionally demonstrate local phase conversion on microfabricated Si structures, which holds significance for quantum photonics.

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