Language Models are Universal Embedders

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08232v2
• Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 08:54:14 GMT
• Title: Language Models are Universal Embedders
• Authors: Xin Zhang, Zehan Li, Yanzhao Zhang, Dingkun Long, Pengjun Xie, Meishan Zhang, Min Zhang,
• Abstract summary: In the large language model (LLM) revolution, embedding is a key component of various systems.<n>We propose strategies for constructing embedders and introduce a universal evaluation benchmark.<n> Experimental results show that our trained model is proficient at generating good embeddings across languages and tasks.
• Score: 45.8316643119292
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: In the large language model (LLM) revolution, embedding is a key component of various systems, such as retrieving knowledge or memories for LLMs or building content moderation filters. As such cases span from English to other natural or programming languages, from retrieval to classification and beyond, it is advantageous to build a unified embedding model rather than dedicated ones for each scenario. In this context, the pre-trained multilingual decoder-only large language models, e.g., BLOOM, emerge as a viable backbone option. To assess their potential, we propose straightforward strategies for constructing embedders and introduce a universal evaluation benchmark. Experimental results show that our trained model is proficient at generating good embeddings across languages and tasks, even extending to languages and tasks for which no finetuning/pretraining data is available. We also present detailed analyses and additional evaluations. We hope that this work could encourage the development of more robust open-source universal embedders.

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