Squat: Quant Small Language Models on the Edge

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.10787v2
• Date: Tue, 01 Jul 2025 19:43:45 GMT
• Title: Squat: Quant Small Language Models on the Edge
• Authors: Xuan Shen, Peiyan Dong, Zhenglun Kong, Yifan Gong, Changdi Yang, Zhaoyang Han, Yanyue Xie, Lei Lu, Cheng Lyu, Chao Wu, Yanzhi Wang, Pu Zhao,
• Abstract summary: A growing trend has emerged in designing high-quality Small Language Models (SLMs) with a few million parameters.<n>Considering that full parameter training is feasible for SLMs on mobile devices, Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) is employed to improve efficiency.<n>We propose Squat method, an effective QAT framework with deployable quantization for SLMs on mobile devices.
• Score: 45.448118471829474
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: A growing trend has emerged in designing high-quality Small Language Models (SLMs) with a few million parameters. This trend is driven by the increasing concerns over cloud costs, privacy, and latency. Considering that full parameter training is feasible for SLMs on mobile devices, Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) is employed to improve efficiency by reducing computational overhead and memory footprint. However, previous QAT works adopt fine-grained quantization methods to compress models with billions of parameters on GPUs, incompatible with current commodity hardware, such as mobile and edge devices, which relies on Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions. Thus, the generalization of these methods to SLMs on mobile devices is limited. In this paper, we propose Squat method, an effective QAT framework with deployable quantization for SLMs on mobile devices. Specifically, we propose entropy-guided and distribution-aligned distillation to mitigate the distortion of attention information from quantization. Besides, we employ sub-8-bit token adaptive quantization, assigning varying bit widths to different tokens based on their importance. Furthermore, we develop a SIMD-based Multi-Kernel Mixed-Precision (MKMP) multiplier to support sub-8-bit mixed-precision MAC on mobile devices. Our extensive experiments verify the substantial improvements of our method compared to other QAT methods across various datasets. Furthermore, we achieve an on-device speedup of up to 2.37x compared with its FP16 counterparts, signaling a great advancement. Code: https://github.com/shawnricecake/squant

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