A Deep Generative Model for Five-Class Sleep Staging with Arbitrary Sensor Input

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.15253v2
• Date: Tue, 29 Apr 2025 08:51:57 GMT
• Title: A Deep Generative Model for Five-Class Sleep Staging with Arbitrary Sensor Input
• Authors: Hans van Gorp, Merel M. van Gilst, Pedro Fonseca, Fokke B. van Meulen, Johannes P. van Dijk, Sebastiaan Overeem, Ruud J. G. van Sloun,
• Abstract summary: Gold-standard sleep scoring is based on epoch-based assignment of sleep stages based on EEG, EOG and EMG signals.<n>We developed a deep generative model for automatic sleep staging from a plurality of sensors and any -- arbitrary -- combination thereof.<n>On single-channel EEG, the model reaches the performance limit in terms of polysomnography inter-rater agreement.
• Score: 14.146442985487598
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Gold-standard sleep scoring is based on epoch-based assignment of sleep stages based on a combination of EEG, EOG and EMG signals. However, a polysomnographic recording consists of many other signals that could be used for sleep staging, including cardio-respiratory modalities. Leveraging this signal variety would offer important advantages, for example increasing reliability, resilience to signal loss, and application to long-term non-obtrusive recordings. We developed a deep generative model for automatic sleep staging from a plurality of sensors and any -- arbitrary -- combination thereof. We trained a score-based diffusion model using a dataset of 1947 expert-labelled overnight recordings with 36 different signals, and achieved zero-shot inference on any sensor set by leveraging a novel Bayesian factorization of the score function across the sensors. On single-channel EEG, the model reaches the performance limit in terms of polysomnography inter-rater agreement (5-class accuracy 85.6%, Cohen's kappa 0.791). Moreover, the method offers full flexibility to use any sensor set, for example finger photoplethysmography, nasal flow and thoracic respiratory movements, (5-class accuracy 79.0%, Cohen's kappa of 0.697), or even derivations very unconventional for sleep staging, such as tibialis and sternocleidomastoid EMG (5-class accuracy 71.0%, kappa 0.575). Additionally, we propose a novel interpretability metric in terms of information gain per sensor and show this is linearly correlated with classification performance. Finally, our model allows for post-hoc addition of entirely new sensor modalities by merely training a score estimator on the novel input instead of having to retrain from scratch on all inputs.

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