Characterizing the Distinguishability of Product Distributions through Multicalibration

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2412.03562v3
• Date: Sun, 02 Mar 2025 01:35:01 GMT
• Title: Characterizing the Distinguishability of Product Distributions through Multicalibration
• Authors: Cassandra Marcussen, Aaron Putterman, Salil Vadhan,
• Abstract summary: We prove a new, tight characterization of the number of samples $k$ needed to efficiently distinguish $X_0otimes k$ and $X_1otimes k$.<n>Our framework can be used to re-derive a result of Halevi and Rabin (TCC 2008) and Geier (TCC 2022)
• Score: 9.695176684285832
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
• Abstract: Given a sequence of samples $x_1, \dots , x_k$ promised to be drawn from one of two distributions $X_0, X_1$, a well-studied problem in statistics is to decide $\textit{which}$ distribution the samples are from. Information theoretically, the maximum advantage in distinguishing the two distributions given $k$ samples is captured by the total variation distance between $X_0^{\otimes k}$ and $X_1^{\otimes k}$. However, when we restrict our attention to $\textit{efficient distinguishers}$ (i.e., small circuits) of these two distributions, exactly characterizing the ability to distinguish $X_0^{\otimes k}$ and $X_1^{\otimes k}$ is more involved and less understood. In this work, we give a general way to reduce bounds on the computational indistinguishability of $X_0$ and $X_1$ to bounds on the $\textit{information-theoretic}$ indistinguishability of some specific, related variables $\widetilde{X}_0$ and $\widetilde{X}_1$. As a consequence, we prove a new, tight characterization of the number of samples $k$ needed to efficiently distinguish $X_0^{\otimes k}$ and $X_1^{\otimes k}$ with constant advantage as \[ k = \Theta\left(d_H^{-2}\left(\widetilde{X}_0, \widetilde{X}_1\right)\right), \] which is the inverse of the squared Hellinger distance $d_H$ between two distributions $\widetilde{X}_0$ and $\widetilde{X}_1$ that are computationally indistinguishable from $X_0$ and $X_1$. Likewise, our framework can be used to re-derive a result of Halevi and Rabin (TCC 2008) and Geier (TCC 2022), proving nearly-tight bounds on how computational indistinguishability scales with the number of samples for arbitrary product distributions.

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