How to Select Pre-Trained Code Models for Reuse? A Learning Perspective

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.03783v1
• Date: Tue, 07 Jan 2025 13:45:24 GMT
• Title: How to Select Pre-Trained Code Models for Reuse? A Learning Perspective
• Authors: Zhangqian Bi, Yao Wan, Zhaoyang Chu, Yufei Hu, Junyi Zhang, Hongyu Zhang, Guandong Xu, Hai Jin,
• Abstract summary: Off-the-shelf Pre-trained Code Models (PCMs) have been released publicly. We conduct experiments on 100 widely-used opensource PCMs for code intelligence tasks, with sizes ranging from 42.5 million to 3 billion parameters. The results demonstrate that learning-based selection methods reduce selection time to 100 seconds, compared to 2,700 hours with brute-force fine-tuning.
• Score: 29.83900262273832
• License:
• Abstract: Pre-training a language model and then fine-tuning it has shown to be an efficient and effective technique for a wide range of code intelligence tasks, such as code generation, code summarization, and vulnerability detection. However, pretraining language models on a large-scale code corpus is computationally expensive. Fortunately, many off-the-shelf Pre-trained Code Models (PCMs), such as CodeBERT, CodeT5, CodeGen, and Code Llama, have been released publicly. These models acquire general code understanding and generation capability during pretraining, which enhances their performance on downstream code intelligence tasks. With an increasing number of these public pre-trained models, selecting the most suitable one to reuse for a specific task is essential. In this paper, we systematically investigate the reusability of PCMs. We first explore three intuitive model selection methods that select by size, training data, or brute-force fine-tuning. Experimental results show that these straightforward techniques either perform poorly or suffer high costs. Motivated by these findings, we explore learning-based model selection strategies that utilize pre-trained models without altering their parameters. Specifically, we train proxy models to gauge the performance of pre-trained models, and measure the distribution deviation between a model's latent features and the task's labels, using their closeness as an indicator of model transferability. We conduct experiments on 100 widely-used opensource PCMs for code intelligence tasks, with sizes ranging from 42.5 million to 3 billion parameters. The results demonstrate that learning-based selection methods reduce selection time to 100 seconds, compared to 2,700 hours with brute-force fine-tuning, with less than 6% performance degradation across related tasks.

Related papers

• A Two-Phase Recall-and-Select Framework for Fast Model Selection [13.385915962994806]
  We propose a two-phase (coarse-recall and fine-selection) model selection framework. It aims to enhance the efficiency of selecting a robust model by leveraging the models' training performances on benchmark datasets. It has been demonstrated that the proposed methodology facilitates the selection of a high-performing model at a rate about 3x times faster than conventional baseline methods.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-03-28T14:44:44Z)
• Bad Students Make Great Teachers: Active Learning Accelerates Large-Scale Visual Understanding [9.112203072394648]
  Power-law scaling indicates that large-scale training with uniform sampling is prohibitively slow. Active learning methods aim to increase data efficiency by prioritizing learning on the most relevant examples.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-12-08T19:26:13Z)
• RanPAC: Random Projections and Pre-trained Models for Continual Learning [59.07316955610658]
  Continual learning (CL) aims to learn different tasks (such as classification) in a non-stationary data stream without forgetting old ones. We propose a concise and effective approach for CL with pre-trained models.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-07-05T12:49:02Z)
• Active Code Learning: Benchmarking Sample-Efficient Training of Code Models [35.54965391159943]
  In software engineering (ML4Code), efficiently training models of code with less human effort has become an emergent problem. Active learning is such a technique that allows developers to train a model with reduced data while producing models with desired performance. This paper builds the first benchmark to study this critical problem - active code learning.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-06-02T03:26:11Z)
• CodeGen2: Lessons for Training LLMs on Programming and Natural Languages [116.74407069443895]
  We unify encoder and decoder-based models into a single prefix-LM. For learning methods, we explore the claim of a "free lunch" hypothesis. For data distributions, the effect of a mixture distribution and multi-epoch training of programming and natural languages on model performance is explored.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-05-03T17:55:25Z)
• TRAK: Attributing Model Behavior at Scale [79.56020040993947]
  We present TRAK (Tracing with Randomly-trained After Kernel), a data attribution method that is both effective and computationally tractable for large-scale, differenti models.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-03-24T17:56:22Z)
• MILO: Model-Agnostic Subset Selection Framework for Efficient Model Training and Tuning [68.12870241637636]
  We propose MILO, a model-agnostic subset selection framework that decouples the subset selection from model training. Our empirical results indicate that MILO can train models $3times - 10 times$ faster and tune hyperparameters $20times - 75 times$ faster than full-dataset training or tuning without performance.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-01-30T20:59:30Z)
• Bridging Pre-trained Models and Downstream Tasks for Source Code Understanding [13.65914588243695]
  We propose an approach to bridge pre-trained models and code-related tasks. We exploit semantic-preserving transformation to enrich downstream data diversity. We introduce curriculum learning to organize the transformed data in an easy-to-hard manner to fine-tune existing pre-trained models.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-12-04T07:21:28Z)
• bert2BERT: Towards Reusable Pretrained Language Models [51.078081486422896]
  We propose bert2BERT, which can effectively transfer the knowledge of an existing smaller pre-trained model to a large model. bert2BERT saves about 45% and 47% computational cost of pre-training BERT_BASE and GPT_BASE by reusing the models of almost their half sizes.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-10-14T04:05:25Z)
• The Right Tool for the Job: Matching Model and Instance Complexities [62.95183777679024]
  As NLP models become larger, executing a trained model requires significant computational resources incurring monetary and environmental costs. We propose a modification to contextual representation fine-tuning which, during inference, allows for an early (and fast) "exit" We test our proposed modification on five different datasets in two tasks: three text classification datasets and two natural language inference benchmarks.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-04-16T04:28:08Z)

This list is automatically generated from the titles and abstracts of the papers in this site.

This site does not guarantee the quality of this site (including all information) and is not responsible for any consequences.