Where does AI come from? A global case study across Europe, Africa, and Latin America

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.04860v1
• Date: Fri, 07 Feb 2025 11:54:02 GMT
• Title: Where does AI come from? A global case study across Europe, Africa, and Latin America
• Authors: Paola Tubaro, Antonio A Casilli, Maxime Cornet, Clément Le Ludec, Juana Torres Cierpe,
• Abstract summary: This article examines the supply chains that shape the supply chains of artificial intelligence (AI) through outsourced and offshored data work. We conduct a global case study of the digitally enabled organisation of data work in France, Madagascar, and Venezuela.
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• Abstract: This article examines the organisational and geographical forces that shape the supply chains of artificial intelligence (AI) through outsourced and offshored data work. Bridging sociological theories of relational inequalities and embeddedness with critical approaches to Global Value Chains, we conduct a global case study of the digitally enabled organisation of data work in France, Madagascar, and Venezuela. The AI supply chains procure data work via a mix of arm's length contracts through marketplace-like platforms, and of embedded firm-like structures that offer greater stability but less flexibility, with multiple intermediate arrangements. Each solution suits specific types and purposes of data work in AI preparation, verification, and impersonation. While all forms reproduce well-known patterns of exclusion that harm externalised workers especially in the Global South, disadvantage manifests unevenly in different supply chain structures, with repercussions on remunerations, job security and working conditions. Unveiling these processes of contemporary technology development provides insights into possible policy implications.

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