Leveraging large language models for structured information extraction from pathology reports

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12183v1
• Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2025 21:46:02 GMT
• Title: Leveraging large language models for structured information extraction from pathology reports
• Authors: Jeya Balaji Balasubramanian, Daniel Adams, Ioannis Roxanis, Amy Berrington de Gonzalez, Penny Coulson, Jonas S. Almeida, Montserrat García-Closas,
• Abstract summary: We evaluate large language models' accuracy in extracting structured information from breast cancer histopathology reports. Open-source tool for structured information extraction can be customized by non-programmers using natural language.
• Score: 0.0
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• Abstract: Background: Structured information extraction from unstructured histopathology reports facilitates data accessibility for clinical research. Manual extraction by experts is time-consuming and expensive, limiting scalability. Large language models (LLMs) offer efficient automated extraction through zero-shot prompting, requiring only natural language instructions without labeled data or training. We evaluate LLMs' accuracy in extracting structured information from breast cancer histopathology reports, compared to manual extraction by a trained human annotator. Methods: We developed the Medical Report Information Extractor, a web application leveraging LLMs for automated extraction. We developed a gold standard extraction dataset to evaluate the human annotator alongside five LLMs including GPT-4o, a leading proprietary model, and the Llama 3 model family, which allows self-hosting for data privacy. Our assessment involved 111 histopathology reports from the Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Generations Study, extracting 51 pathology features specified in the study's data dictionary. Results: Evaluation against the gold standard dataset showed that both Llama 3.1 405B (94.7% accuracy) and GPT-4o (96.1%) achieved extraction accuracy comparable to the human annotator (95.4%; p = 0.146 and p = 0.106, respectively). While Llama 3.1 70B (91.6%) performed below human accuracy (p <0.001), its reduced computational requirements make it a viable option for self-hosting. Conclusion: We developed an open-source tool for structured information extraction that can be customized by non-programmers using natural language. Its modular design enables reuse for various extraction tasks, producing standardized, structured data from unstructured text reports to facilitate analytics through improved accessibility and interoperability.

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