Related papers: Real-Time Dynamics in a (2+1)-D Gauge Theory: The Stringy Nature on a Superconducting Quantum Simulator

Real-Time Dynamics in a (2+1)-D Gauge Theory: The Stringy Nature on a Superconducting Quantum Simulator

URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08088v1
Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2025 18:01:27 GMT
Title: Real-Time Dynamics in a (2+1)-D Gauge Theory: The Stringy Nature on a Superconducting Quantum Simulator
Authors: Jesús Cobos, Joana Fraxanet, César Benito, Francesco di Marcantonio, Pedro Rivero, Kornél Kapás, Miklós Antal Werner, Örs Legeza, Alejandro Bermudez, Enrique Rico,
Abstract summary: We probe string modes of motion with dynamical matter in a digital quantum simulation of a (2+1) dimensional gauge theory.<n>We employ extensive tensor network simulations using the basis update and Galerkin method to predict large-scale real-time dynamics.<n>This work establishes a milestone for probing non-perturbative gauge dynamics via superconducting quantum simulation.
Score: 32.73124984242397
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract: Understanding the confinement mechanism in gauge theories and the universality of effective string-like descriptions of gauge flux tubes remains a fundamental challenge in modern physics. We probe string modes of motion with dynamical matter in a digital quantum simulation of a (2+1) dimensional gauge theory using a superconducting quantum processor with up to 144 qubits, stretching the hardware capabilities with quantum-circuit depths comprising up to 192 two-qubit layers. We realize the $Z_2$-Higgs model ($Z_2$HM) through an optimized embedding into a heavy-hex superconducting qubit architecture, directly mapping matter and gauge fields to vertex and link superconducting qubits, respectively. Using the structure of local gauge symmetries, we implement a comprehensive suite of error suppression, mitigation, and correction strategies to enable real-time observation and manipulation of electric strings connecting dynamical charges. Our results resolve a dynamical hierarchy of longitudinal oscillations and transverse bending at the end points of the string, which are precursors to hadronization and rotational spectra of mesons. We further explore multi-string processes, observing the fragmentation and recombination of strings. The experimental design supports 300,000 measurement shots per circuit, totaling 600,000 shots per time step, enabling high-fidelity statistics. We employ extensive tensor network simulations using the basis update and Galerkin method to predict large-scale real-time dynamics and validate our error-aware protocols. This work establishes a milestone for probing non-perturbative gauge dynamics via superconducting quantum simulation and elucidates the real-time behavior of confining strings.

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