Causally-Enhanced Reinforcement Policy Optimization

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23095v1
• Date: Sat, 27 Sep 2025 04:10:16 GMT
• Title: Causally-Enhanced Reinforcement Policy Optimization
• Authors: Xiangqi Wang, Yue Huang, Yujun Zhou, Xiaonan Luo, Kehan Guo, Xiangliang Zhang,
• Abstract summary: Causally-Enhanced Policy Optimization (CE-PO) is a drop-in reward-shaping framework that augments policy optimization with a differentiable proxy for causal coherence.<n>CE-PO estimates model-internal influence with Jacobian-based sensitivities, counterfactually hardens these signals to suppress nuisance cues, and fuses the resulting coherence score with task-accuracy feedback.<n> Experimental results across 4 datasets show that CE-PO improves accuracy over baselines by 5.49% on average (up to 9.58%), while improving robustness to correlation-causation flips and light counterfactual edits.
• Score: 36.523007244998695
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
• Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) trained with reinforcement objectives often achieve superficially correct answers via shortcut strategies, pairing correct outputs with spurious or unfaithful reasoning and degrading under small causal perturbations. We introduce Causally-Enhanced Policy Optimization (CE-PO), a drop-in reward-shaping framework that augments policy optimization with a differentiable proxy for causal coherence along the generation pathway from prompt (Z) to rationale (X) to answer (Y). CE-PO estimates model-internal influence with Jacobian-based sensitivities, counterfactually hardens these signals to suppress nuisance cues, and fuses the resulting coherence score with task-accuracy feedback via a Minkowski (power-mean) combiner, exposing a single tunable between accuracy and coherence trade-off. The unified reward integrates with PPO/GRPO without architectural changes. Across reasoning benchmarks and causal stress tests, CE-PO reduces reward hacking and unfaithful chain-of-thought while improving robustness to correlation-causation flips and light counterfactual edits, all at near-parity accuracy. Experimental results across 4 datasets show that CE-PO improves accuracy over baselines by 5.49% on average (up to 9.58%), while improving robustness to correlation-causation flips and light counterfactual edits.

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