SOFT: a high-performance simulator for universal fault-tolerant quantum circuits

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.23037v1
• Date: Sun, 28 Dec 2025 18:28:56 GMT
• Title: SOFT: a high-performance simulator for universal fault-tolerant quantum circuits
• Authors: Riling Li, Keli Zheng, Yiming Zhang, Huazhe Lou, Shenggang Ying, Ke Liu, Xiaoming Sun,
• Abstract summary: SOFT is a high-performance SimulatOr for universal Fault-Tolerant quantum circuits.<n>Our work demonstrates the importance of reliable simulation tools for fault-tolerant architecture design.
• Score: 5.744501987992456
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Circuit simulation tools are critical for developing and assessing quantum-error-correcting and fault-tolerant strategies. In this work, we present SOFT, a high-performance SimulatOr for universal Fault-Tolerant quantum circuits. Integrating the generalized stabilizer formalism and highly optimized GPU parallelization, SOFT enables the simulation of noisy quantum circuits containing non-Clifford gates at a scale not accessible with existing tools. To provide a concrete demonstration, we simulate the state-of-the-art magic state cultivation (MSC) protocol at code distance $d=5$, involving 42 qubits, 72 $T$ / $T^\dagger$ gates, and mid-circuit measurements. Using only modest GPU resources, SOFT performs over 200 billion shots and achieves the first ground-truth simulation of the cultivation protocol at a non-trivial scale. This endeavor not only certifies the MSC's effectiveness for generating high-fidelity logical $T$-states, but also reveals a large discrepancy between the actual logical error rate and the previously reported values. Our work demonstrates the importance of reliable simulation tools for fault-tolerant architecture design, advancing the field from simulating quantum memory to simulating a universal quantum computer.

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