Optimizing Doppler laser cooling protocols for quantum sensing with 3D ion crystals in a Penning trap

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22541v1
• Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 02:30:09 GMT
• Title: Optimizing Doppler laser cooling protocols for quantum sensing with 3D ion crystals in a Penning trap
• Authors: John Zaris, Wes Johnson, Athreya Shankar, John J. Bollinger, Allison L. Carter, Daniel H. E. Dubin, Scott E. Parker,
• Abstract summary: Large, 3D trapped ion crystals offer improved sensitivity in quantum sensing protocols.<n> numerical techniques used to study the laser cooling of such crystals are inefficient as the number of ions, $N$, in the crystal increases.<n>We develop a powerful numerical framework to simulate laser cooling of up to $105$ ions stored in a Penning trap.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Large, 3D trapped ion crystals offer improved sensitivity in quantum sensing protocols, and are expected to be implemented as platforms in near-future experiments. However, numerical techniques used to study the laser cooling of such crystals are inefficient as the number of ions, $N$, in the crystal increases. Here we develop a powerful numerical framework to simulate laser cooling of up to $10^5$ ions stored in a Penning trap. We apply this framework to characterize and optimize the cooling of ellipsoidal 3D crystals. We document new pathways to enhanced cooling based on the addition of an axial component to the potential energy-dominated $\boldsymbol{E}\times\boldsymbol{B}$ modes. Furthermore, we observe greatly enhanced cooling of the perpendicular kinetic energy to below 1 mK in prolate ion crystals, enabling a simplified cooling beam setup for such crystals. We propose specific values of trap and laser beam parameters which lead to optimal cooling in a variety of examples. This work illustrates the feasibility of preparing large 3D crystals for high-sensitivity quantum science protocols, motivating their use in future experiments.

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