Explicit States with Two-sided Long-Range Magic

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25023v2
• Date: Mon, 30 Mar 2026 22:31:08 GMT
• Title: Explicit States with Two-sided Long-Range Magic
• Abstract summary: Nonstabilizerness, or magic, is a necessary resource for quantum advantage beyond the classically simulatable Clifford framework.<n>Recent works have begun to chart the structure of magic in many-body states.<n>In this work, we construct explicit states that provably possess two-sided long-range magic.
• Score: 3.34407072562438
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Nonstabilizerness, or magic, is a necessary resource for quantum advantage beyond the classically simulatable Clifford framework. Recent works have begun to chart the structure of magic in many-body states, introducing the concepts of long-range magic -- nonstabilizerness that cannot be removed by finite-depth local unitary (FDU) circuits -- and the magic hierarchy, which classifies quantum circuits by alternating layers of Clifford and FDUs. In this work, we construct explicit states that provably possess two-sided long-range magic, a stronger form of magic meaning that they cannot be prepared by a Clifford circuit and a FDU in either order, thus placing them provably outside the first level of the magic hierarchy. Our examples include the ``magical cat" state, $|ψ\rangle \propto |0^n\rangle + |+^n\rangle$, and ground states of certain nonabelian topological orders. These results provide new examples and proof techniques for circuit complexity, and in doing so, reveal the connection between long-range magic, the structure of many-body phases, and the principles of quantum error correction.

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