Photoemission and absorption under coherent and entangled-photon-pair illumination

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2604.13375v1
• Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:47:21 GMT
• Title: Photoemission and absorption under coherent and entangled-photon-pair illumination
• Abstract summary: Entangled-two-photon absorption (ETPA) is analyzed, as are its applications in entangled-two-photon microscopy (ETPFM) and entangled-two-photon spectroscopy (ETPS)
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: The phenomena of subthreshold photoemission and absorption under coherent and entangled-photon-pair illumination are reviewed, and the generation and properties of entangled-photon pairs are surveyed. Three prominent forms of subthreshold photoemission are examined: one-photon Fermi-tail photoemission (FTP), two-photon photoemission (TPP), and entangled-two-photon photoemission (ETPP). Experimental methods for measuring subthreshold photocurrents and photoelectron count rates are discussed, along with strategies for enhancing selected contributions. Experimental observations of FTP from a CsK$_2$Sb photocathode in a photomultiplier tube (PMT), under both coherent and entangled-photon-pair illumination, are reviewed, and the role of FTP as a noise source in two-photon measurements is elucidated. TPP from Na and CsK$_2$Sb photocathodes in a PMT under classical-light illumination is considered, as are TPP and ETPP from a CsK$_2$Sb photocathode in a channel photomultiplier (CPM) under coherent and entangled-photon-pair illumination. The observation of ETPP is facilitated by the use of a CPM, which suppresses FTP, and by low-intensity illumination, which minimizes TPP. Quantum models of TPP and ETPP accord well with experiment. Entangled-two-photon absorption (ETPA) is analyzed, as are its applications in entangled-two-photon fluorescence microscopy (ETPFM) and entangled-two-photon spectroscopy (ETPS). The three principal forms of subthreshold absorption parallel those of subthreshold photoemission: singleton-induced Boltzmann-tail absorption; cousin-induced/singleton-pair-induced two-photon absorption; and twin-induced ETPA. Heuristic particle and fully quantum models of these processes are compared, and experimental studies of ETPA and ETPFM, together with methods for enhancing their observability, are summarized.

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