HoWToBench: Holistic Evaluation for LLM's Capability in Human-level Writing using Tree of Writing

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2604.19071v1
• Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 04:26:39 GMT
• Title: HoWToBench: Holistic Evaluation for LLM's Capability in Human-level Writing using Tree of Writing
• Abstract summary: We propose Tree-of-Writing (ToW) to resolve the implicit inconsistency often found when LLM-as-a-judge aggregates all sub-features in text evaluation.<n>We also present HowToBench, a large-scale Chinese writing benchmark encompassing 12 genres and 1302 instructions across three task categories.
• Score: 84.84959282480641
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Evaluating the writing capabilities of large language models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge due to the multidimensional nature of writing skills and the limitations of existing metrics. LLM's performance in thousand-words level and open-ended writing is inadequately assessed by traditional reference-based metrics or modern LLM-as-a-judge methods. We propose Tree-of-Writing (ToW), to resolve the implicit inconsistency often found when LLM-as-a-judge aggregates all sub-features in text evaluation. ToW incorporates a tree-structured workflow by explicitly modeling the aggregation weights of sub-features. We also present HowToBench, a large-scale Chinese writing benchmark encompassing 12 genres and 1302 instructions across three task categories: contextual completion, outline-guided writing, and open-ended generation. ToW successfully mitigates the biases, achieving a 0.93 Pearson correlation with human judgments. Furthermore, we detect that both overlap-based text generation metrics and popular LLM-as-a-judge practices are vulnerable to textual disturbances, while ToW is robust to them. We also uncover a negative correlation between input length and content-related scores in the Guide task, showcasing that it cannot be simply improved by input-side information piling.

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