When Brain Networks Travel: Learning Beyond Site

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2605.06050v1
• Date: Thu, 07 May 2026 11:35:34 GMT
• Title: When Brain Networks Travel: Learning Beyond Site
• Abstract summary: Graph-based learning on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown strong potential for brain network analysis.<n>Existing methods degrade under cross-site out-of-distribution (OOD) settings because site-conditioned confounders induce non-pathological shortcuts.<n>We propose Cross-site OOD Robust brain nEtwork (CORE), a unified framework for brain network learning across unseen sites.
• Score: 19.116206481048224
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Graph-based learning on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown strong potential for brain network analysis. However, existing methods degrade under cross-site out-of-distribution (OOD) settings because site-conditioned confounders induce non-pathological shortcuts, while functional connectivity constructed by temporal averaging obscures transient neurodynamics, limiting generalization to unseen sites. In this paper, we propose Cross-site OOD Robust brain nEtwork (CORE), a unified framework for brain network learning across unseen sites. CORE first performs site-aware confounder decoupling to mitigate site-conditioned bias and extract a cross-site population scaffold of reproducible diagnostic connectivity edges. It then profiles transient pathway dynamics over this scaffold using lightweight temporal descriptors and organizes scaffold edges into a line graph for transferable pathway-level modeling. Finally, CORE introduces a prior-guided subject-adaptive gating mechanism that leverages scaffold-derived population priors while preserving subject-specific connectivity variability. Extensive experiments under leave-one-site-out evaluation on real-world datasets (ABIDE, REST-meta-MDD, SRPBS, and ABCD) show that CORE consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, with up to 6.7% relative gain. Furthermore, CORE remains robust to atlas variations, maintaining performance gains across different brain parcellation schemes.

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