Energy-Resolved Eigenmode Spectroscopy of 1-D and 2-D Non-Hermitian Skin Effects

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2605.18272v1
• Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 12:06:47 GMT
• Title: Energy-Resolved Eigenmode Spectroscopy of 1-D and 2-D Non-Hermitian Skin Effects
• Abstract summary: We report band- and energy-resolved eigenmode spectroscopy of skin modes in a frequency synthetic dimension.<n>Our results introduce eigenmode spectroscopy as a direct probe of non-Hermitian physics and establish strongly bounded frequency lattices as a flexible platform for Hamiltonian engineering.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Non-Hermitian lattices can host the non-Hermitian skin effect, a boundary-induced collapse of all bulk eigenstates into exponentially localized edge modes. This effect underlies anomalous bulk-boundary correspondence and remarkable enhancements in non-Hermitian sensing, yet direct energy-resolved access to the eigenmodes of non-Hermitian lattices has remained limited. Here we report band- and energy-resolved eigenmode spectroscopy of skin modes in a frequency synthetic dimension. By introducing strong frequency-domain boundaries in an electro-optically modulated ring resonator, we realize finite non-Hermitian lattices and use laser detuning as a spectroscopic axis for the eigenenergies of the effective Hamiltonian. Site-resolved heterodyne measurements then reconstruct the spatial profile of each mode, revealing boundary-localized skin states throughout the spectrum and their eigenenergy-dependent displacement from the edge. Beyond 1D, the same frequency-boundary architecture, upon incorporating long-range couplings between finite lattices, produces genuine 2D frequency lattices rather than the hitherto-realized folded 1D systems on twisted tubes. In these lattices we observe tunable directional transport and edge localization in two synthetic dimensions. Our results introduce eigenmode spectroscopy as a direct probe of non-Hermitian physics and establish strongly bounded frequency lattices as a flexible platform for Hamiltonian engineering.

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