Robust Text Watermarking for Large Language Models via Dual Semantic Embeddings

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31602v2
• Date: Wed, 01 Jul 2026 11:58:42 GMT
• Title: Robust Text Watermarking for Large Language Models via Dual Semantic Embeddings
• Abstract summary: This work presents a semantic watermarking scheme for large language models (LLMs)<n> Dual-Embedding Watermarking (DEW) uses contextual and token-level embeddings to enhance robustness against paraphrasing and translation.
• Score: 2.992414059774663
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: This work presents Dual-Embedding Watermarking (DEW), a semantic watermarking scheme for large language models (LLMs) that leverages contextual and token-level embeddings to enhance robustness against paraphrasing and translation. DEW utilizes a signal-processing methodology, applying algebraic vector-space operations to token and context embeddings to derive a watermark signal that degrades gracefully under semantic shifts. The method obfuscates the watermark by projecting embedding vectors through pseudo-random matrices seeded with a secret key. Relevant distributions derived from the underlying algebra are evaluated and employed for statistical testing and benchmarking of DEW. Experimental results across multiple LLMs indicate that DEW improves post-paraphrase detection while maintaining competitive text quality, and remains detectable after translation, even when prior semantic watermarks degrade significantly. These findings position DEW as a practical and robust solution for safeguarding LLM-generated text and addressing critical issues in responsible AI deployment.

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