Is EEG-to-Text Feasible in Real-World Scenarios? An In-Depth Analysis Using a Neuropsychology-Inspired Benchmark

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2607.18749v1
• Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2026 06:17:16 GMT
• Title: Is EEG-to-Text Feasible in Real-World Scenarios? An In-Depth Analysis Using a Neuropsychology-Inspired Benchmark
• Abstract summary: EEG-to-text (EEG2Text) has been widely explored.<n>EEG2Text models generally rely on teacher-forcing evaluation.<n>This reliance prevents EEG2Text from being applied in real-world, non-academic settings.
• Score: 32.20550556352783
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Translating brain signals into text could restore communication for people with severe paralysis, yet practically usable systems to date rely on invasive electrocorticography (ECoG). Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a non-invasive alternative, and EEG-to-text (EEG2Text) has been widely explored. Interestingly, however, EEG2Text models generally rely on teacher-forcing evaluation; without it, they fail to generate meaningful decoding. This reliance prevents EEG2Text from being applied in real-world, non-academic settings. This has fueled numerous debates about whether EEG2Text is a meaningful direction, by extension, and whether EEG truly contains decodable linguistic information. Here, using a neuropsychology-informed paradigm, we find that existing EEG2Text benchmarks have neglected EEG instability, a flaw that has confounded inference and sparked debate. Our experiments furnish key evidence for the feasibility of teacher-forcing-free EEG2Text decoding. Accordingly, we assemble the Corpus OF Eeg-To-Text (COFETT) using a 128-channel high-density EEG cap, providing a benchmark dedicated to evaluating EEG2Text models. In comparisons with multiple existing benchmarks, COFETT achieves SOTA ability to distinguish among model performances and enables robust, teacher-forcing-free evaluation, thereby opening a path toward practical EEG2Text applications. COFETT is open sourced in https://github.com/baoyudu/COFETT.

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