Belief Coevolution in a Social Network of Generalist and Specialist Large Language Models

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2607.27512v1
• Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2026 23:02:37 GMT
• Title: Belief Coevolution in a Social Network of Generalist and Specialist Large Language Models
• Abstract summary: We study the processes by which beliefs form and propagate among interacting large language models (LLMs)<n>CoevolveSim allows us to isolate and study three factors: domain specialization, social-role assignment, and social network structure.<n>We run 1,280 controlled simulations spanning four scenarios, two network structures, and 20 medical-indication statements.
• Score: 0.15655985886975654
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multi-agent environments. However, the processes by which beliefs form and propagate among interacting LLMs remain poorly understood. We introduce CoevolveSim, a framework for studying belief diffusion within networked LLM populations. CoevolveSim allows us to isolate and study three factors: domain specialization, social-role assignment, and social network structure. Within this framework, generalist and specialist LLM agents exchange and revise beliefs. In each round, an LLM agent observes a summary of its neighbors' beliefs before updating its own. We run 1,280 controlled simulations spanning four scenarios, two network structures, and 20 medical-indication statements. We find that persona-style role assignment and network structure reshape individual belief revision but have minimal effect on population-level consensus. In contrast, introducing (finetuned) specialist LLMs more than doubles the shift in consensus and gives rise to consistent asymmetries in exerted influence. We further show that simple persistence-based opinion-dynamics models reproduce collective outcomes in all-generalist LLM populations, whereas heterogeneous LLM populations require population-level belief composition to reproduce consensus and agent identity to predict individual belief transitions. Our results indicate that realistic simulation of belief diffusion in multi-agent LLM systems requires a diverse set of underlying LLMs, not persona prompting alone.

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