Oraqle: An Empirical Analysis of Qubit Readout and Discriminators in Quantum Error Correction

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2608.01939v2
• Date: Tue, 11 Aug 2026 13:07:26 GMT
• Title: Oraqle: An Empirical Analysis of Qubit Readout and Discriminators in Quantum Error Correction
• Abstract summary: Quantum error correction (QEC) is the most promising route toward fault-tolerant quantum computing.<n>We introduce Oraqle, an end-to-end benchmarking framework that evaluates qubit-state readout and its impact on QEC performance.
• Score: 34.829812190765445
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Quantum error correction (QEC) is the most promising route toward fault-tolerant quantum computing and, thus, useful quantum computers. QEC operates as a continuous measure-decode-correct cycle: ancilla qubits are read out, a decoder infers errors from the resulting syndromes, and corrections are applied before the next round begins. Within this loop, readout occupies a uniquely critical role, as it is the sole source of ground truth available to the decoder. Yet readout is also the slowest and most error-prone operation in the stack, with characteristics that vary across qubits and drift over time; This complexity propagates directly to the classical control hardware, and in particular to the FPGA-hosted machine-learning (ML) discriminator that must classify each analog signal into a binary syndrome outcome. Despite this central role, QEC performance has not yet been studied in depth from the perspective of readout characteristics, readout length, and their co-design with an ML discriminator. We introduce Oraqle, an end-to-end benchmarking framework that evaluates qubit-state readout and its impact on QEC performance across real experimentally extracted qubit-state-readout datasets, state-of-the-art ML discriminators, multiple QEC codes, and hardware regimes spanning current to projected devices. Our study reveals three asymmetric findings: The measurement duration can be significantly reduced with nearly no penalty to the logical error rate; The discriminator complexity barely affects the QEC performance, as residual errors are written into device physics rather than the model; and the impact of qubit-state readout on the logical error rate is conditional on where the hardware sits in the QEC landscape, a window that widens as devices mature.

Related papers

• Fault-Tolerant Logical Operations and Efficient State Preparation in Modular Quantum Architectures with Noisy Interfaces [0.12314765641075438]
  We show that interfaces can tolerate noise up to an order of magnitude higher than intra-QPU noise, with only a minor reduction in the fault-tolerance threshold.<n>We develop a protocol for preparing fault-tolerant logical GHZ states, reducing overhead, time, and nonlocal Bellpair consumption.<n>Our results provide quantitative evidence that distributed quantum error can enable scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation in modular architectures.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2026-07-29T17:59:57Z)
• Real-time Surface-Code Error Correction Using an FPGA-based Neural-Network Decoder [11.81591184245689]
  We report a hardware-integrated control architecture featuring an FPGA-based neural-network (NN) decoder.<n>We experimentally demonstrate real-time surface-code (distance-3) QEC on a superconducting quantum processor.<n>We show that real-time decoding and feedback correction achieve logical performance comparable to offline decoding.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2026-05-06T13:24:10Z)
• Fault Injection Attacks on Machine Learning-based Quantum Computer Readout Error Correction [9.845065013862325]
  This paper is the first to analyze the susceptibility of machine-learning (ML) classifiers to physical fault-injection.<n>It shows that early-layers demonstrate higher rates of misprediction when faults are triggered in them, whereas later layers have smaller misprediction rates.<n>Results motivate treating ML-based quantum computer readout and readout correction as a security-critical component of quantum systems.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-12-23T06:19:14Z)
• Compilation-informed probabilistic quantum error cancellation [2.079863206645103]
  We introduce a quantum error mitigation (QEM) scheme against both compilation errors and logical-gate noise that is circuit-, QEC code-, and compiler-agnostic.<n>It features maximal circuit size and QEC code-distance both independent of the target precision, in contrast to strategies based on QEC alone.<n>Our method significantly reduces quantum resource requirements for high-precision estimations, offering a practical route towards fault-tolerant quantum computation with precision-independent overheads.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-08-27T18:00:10Z)
• Variational Quantum Machine Learning with Quantum Error Detection [0.6435156676256051]
  Quantum machine learning (QML) is an emerging field that promises advantages such as faster training, improved reliability and superior extraction over classical counterparts.<n>Its implementation on quantum hardware is challenging due to the noise inherent in these systems, necessitating the use of quantum error correction (QEC) codes.<n>Current QML research remains primarily theoretical, often assuming noise-free environments and offering little insight into the integration of QEC with QML.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-04-09T10:56:21Z)
• Deep Quantum Error Correction [73.54643419792453]
  Quantum error correction codes (QECC) are a key component for realizing the potential of quantum computing. In this work, we efficiently train novel emphend-to-end deep quantum error decoders. The proposed method demonstrates the power of neural decoders for QECC by achieving state-of-the-art accuracy.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-01-27T08:16:26Z)
• Witnessing entanglement in trapped-ion quantum error correction under realistic noise [41.94295877935867]
  Quantum Error Correction (QEC) exploits redundancy by encoding logical information into multiple physical qubits. We present a detailed microscopic error model to estimate the average gate infidelity of two-qubit light-shift gates used in trapped-ion platforms. We then apply this realistic error model to quantify the multipartite entanglement generated by circuits that act as QEC building blocks.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2022-12-14T20:00:36Z)
• Overcoming leakage in scalable quantum error correction [128.39402546769284]
  Leakage of quantum information out of computational states into higher energy states represents a major challenge in the pursuit of quantum error correction (QEC) Here, we demonstrate the execution of a distance-3 surface code and distance-21 bit-flip code on a Sycamore quantum processor where leakage is removed from all qubits in each cycle. We report a ten-fold reduction in steady-state leakage population on the data qubits encoding the logical state and an average leakage population of less than $1 times 10-3$ throughout the entire device.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2022-11-09T07:54:35Z)
• Measurement based estimator scheme for continuous quantum error correction [52.77024349608834]
  Canonical discrete quantum error correction (DQEC) schemes use projective von Neumann measurements on stabilizers to discretize the error syndromes into a finite set. Quantum error correction (QEC) based on continuous measurement, known as continuous quantum error correction (CQEC), can be executed faster than DQEC and can also be resource efficient. We show that by constructing a measurement-based estimator (MBE) of the logical qubit to be protected, it is possible to accurately track the errors occurring on the physical qubits in real time.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2022-03-25T09:07:18Z)
• Measuring NISQ Gate-Based Qubit Stability Using a 1+1 Field Theory and Cycle Benchmarking [50.8020641352841]
  We study coherent errors on a quantum hardware platform using a transverse field Ising model Hamiltonian as a sample user application. We identify inter-day and intra-day qubit calibration drift and the impacts of quantum circuit placement on groups of qubits in different physical locations on the processor. This paper also discusses how these measurements can provide a better understanding of these types of errors and how they may improve efforts to validate the accuracy of quantum computations.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2022-01-08T23:12:55Z)
• Performance of teleportation-based error correction circuits for bosonic codes with noisy measurements [58.720142291102135]
  We analyze the error-correction capabilities of rotation-symmetric codes using a teleportation-based error-correction circuit. We find that with the currently achievable measurement efficiencies in microwave optics, bosonic rotation codes undergo a substantial decrease in their break-even potential.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-08-02T16:12:13Z)
• Crosstalk Suppression for Fault-tolerant Quantum Error Correction with Trapped Ions [62.997667081978825]
  We present a study of crosstalk errors in a quantum-computing architecture based on a single string of ions confined by a radio-frequency trap, and manipulated by individually-addressed laser beams. This type of errors affects spectator qubits that, ideally, should remain unaltered during the application of single- and two-qubit quantum gates addressed at a different set of active qubits. We microscopically model crosstalk errors from first principles and present a detailed study showing the importance of using a coherent vs incoherent error modelling and, moreover, discuss strategies to actively suppress this crosstalk at the gate level.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-12-21T14:20:40Z)

This list is automatically generated from the titles and abstracts of the papers in this site.

This site does not guarantee the quality of this site (including all information) and is not responsible for any consequences.