Ontic and epistemic states in the theory of spacetime-local beables

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.00848v1
• Date: Tue, 01 Sep 2026 07:46:23 GMT
• Title: Ontic and epistemic states in the theory of spacetime-local beables
• Abstract summary: Bell's theorem rules out developing a locally causal theory to describe quantum phenomena.<n>Many take this to imply that any model of quantum entanglement must employ variables (called beables by Bell) which follow nonlocal rules.<n>The alternative is to adopt an all-at-once (block universe) approach, with beables which may depend on both past and future inputs.
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• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Bell's theorem rules out developing a locally causal theory to describe quantum phenomena. Many take this to imply that any model of quantum entanglement must employ variables (called beables by Bell) which follow nonlocal rules, even though signaling is local. The alternative is to adopt an all-at-once (block universe) approach, with beables which may depend on both past and future inputs, even though signaling is causal. Within this lenient-causality approach (a.k.a. retrocausal), simple cases of entanglement have been successfully described by locally mediated stochastic toy models, i.e.,~toy models which are local in a sense which generalizes Bell's local causality. Developing a widely applicable reformulation of quantum mechanics along these lines is a grand challenge. This work presents a general framework for such models and theories, and identifies the corresponding ontic and epistemic states. The epistemic state is closely analogous to the quantum state, yielding an explanation for the collapse of the wavefunction. In the case of the models of the framework, it is clear what the information is about. The expression for the empirically verifiable predictions of the models in terms of the ontic and epistemic states displays remarkable parallels to the Born rule. A toy-model example is discussed.

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