Sufficiency of the counterfactual account of Lüders' rule to rule out ontological models of quantum mechanics

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.15615v3
• Date: Mon, 10 Nov 2025 17:54:44 GMT
• Title: Sufficiency of the counterfactual account of Lüders' rule to rule out ontological models of quantum mechanics
• Authors: Alisson Tezzin, Bárbara Amaral, Jonte R. Hance,
• Abstract summary: We show that a counterfactual account of L"uders' rule renders ontological models inherently incompatible with the quantum formalism.<n>This implies that ontological models, even contextual ones, must either act differently to what we would expect given (this, typically implicitly-assumed account of) quantum state update rule, or cannot model quantum behaviour.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Ontological models, as used in the generalised contextuality literature, play a central role in current research on quantum foundations, providing a framework for defining classicality, constructing classical analogues of key quantum phenomena, and examining the ontology of quantum states. In this work, we show that a counterfactual account of L\"uders' rule -- which we argue is naturally implied by the mathematical structure of the rule itself -- renders such models inherently incompatible with the quantum formalism. This incompatibility arises because the counterfactual update requires ontological models to update their states according to conditional probability, which in turn which in turn renders predictions of sequential measurements order-independent. This implies that ontological models, even contextual ones, must either act differently to what we would expect given (this, typically implicitly-assumed account of) quantum state update rule, or cannot model quantum behaviour.

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