EarthquakeNPP: A Benchmark for Earthquake Forecasting with Neural Point Processes

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.08226v2
• Date: Tue, 23 Sep 2025 14:34:47 GMT
• Title: EarthquakeNPP: A Benchmark for Earthquake Forecasting with Neural Point Processes
• Authors: Samuel Stockman, Daniel Lawson, Maximilian Werner,
• Abstract summary: We introduce EarthquakeNPP: a collection of benchmark datasets to facilitate testing of NPPs on earthquake data.<n>The datasets cover a range of small to large target regions within California, dating from 1971 to 2021.<n> Benchmarking experiments, using both log-likelihood and generative evaluation metrics widely recognised in seismology, show that none of the five NPPs tested outperform ETAS.
• Score: 2.4087148947930634
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: For decades, classical point process models, such as the epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model, have been widely used for forecasting the event times and locations of earthquakes. Recent advances have led to Neural Point Processes (NPPs), which promise greater flexibility and improvements over such classical models. However, the currently-used benchmark for NPPs does not represent an up-to-date challenge in the seismological community, since it contains data leakage and omits the largest earthquake sequence from the region. Additionally, initial earthquake forecasting benchmarks fail to compare NPPs with state-of-the-art forecasting models commonly used in seismology. To address these gaps, we introduce EarthquakeNPP: a collection of benchmark datasets to facilitate testing of NPPs on earthquake data, accompanied by an implementation of the state-of-the-art forecasting model: ETAS. The datasets cover a range of small to large target regions within California, dating from 1971 to 2021, and include different methodologies for dataset generation. Benchmarking experiments, using both log-likelihood and generative evaluation metrics widely recognised in seismology, show that none of the five NPPs tested outperform ETAS. These findings suggest that current NPP implementations are not yet suitable for practical earthquake forecasting. Nonetheless, EarthquakeNPP provides a platform to foster future collaboration between the seismology and machine learning communities.

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