Quantifying Trapped Magnetic Vortex Losses in Niobium Resonators at mK Temperatures

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.14616v3
• Date: Tue, 27 May 2025 18:31:26 GMT
• Title: Quantifying Trapped Magnetic Vortex Losses in Niobium Resonators at mK Temperatures
• Authors: D. Bafia, B. Abdisatarov, R. Pilipenko, Y. Lu, G. Eremeev, A. Romanenko, A. Grassellino,
• Abstract summary: Trapped magnetic vortices in niobium introduce microwave losses that degrade the performance of superconducting resonators.<n>We isolate flux-induced losses and extract a sensitivity to trapped flux of approximately 2n$Omega$/mG at 10mK and 6GHz.<n>Our results suggest that niobium-based transmon qubits can tolerate vortex-induced dissipation at trapped field levels up to several hundred mG.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Trapped magnetic vortices in niobium introduce microwave losses that degrade the performance of superconducting resonators. While such losses have been extensively studied above 1~K, we report here their direct quantification in the millikelvin and low-photon regime relevant to quantum devices. Using a high-quality factor 3-D niobium cavity cooled through its superconducting transition in controlled magnetic fields, we isolate flux-induced losses and extract a sensitivity to trapped flux of approximately 2~n$\Omega$/mG at 10~mK and 6~GHz. The decay rate is initially dominated by two-level system (TLS) losses from the native niobium pentoxide, with vortex-induced degradation of $T_1$ occurring above $B_{\text{trap}}\sim$~50~mG. In the absence of the oxide, even 10~mG of trapped flux limits performance $Q_0\sim$~10$^{10}$, or $T_1\sim$~350~ms, underscoring the need for stringent magnetic shielding. The sensitivity decreases with temperature and remains largely field-independent, whereas the flux-induced frequency shift exhibits a minimum near 0.8~K. These behaviors are well modeled assuming the thermal activation of pinning centers within the Gittleman-Rosenblum framework. Our results suggest that niobium-based transmon qubits can tolerate vortex-induced dissipation at trapped field levels up to several hundred mG, but achieving long coherence times still requires careful magnetic shielding to suppress lower-field losses from other mechanisms.

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