Ontology-Guided Query Expansion for Biomedical Document Retrieval using Large Language Models

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11784v1
• Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2025 19:23:26 GMT
• Title: Ontology-Guided Query Expansion for Biomedical Document Retrieval using Large Language Models
• Authors: Zabir Al Nazi, Vagelis Hristidis, Aaron Lawson McLean, Jannat Ara Meem, Md Taukir Azam Chowdhury,
• Abstract summary: BMQExpander is a novel query expansion pipeline that combines medical knowledge - definitions and relationships - from the UMLS Metathesaurus with the generative capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to enhance retrieval effectiveness.<n>We show that BMQExpander has superior retrieval performance on three popular biomedical Information Retrieval (IR) benchmarks.
• Score: 2.4897806364302633
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Effective Question Answering (QA) on large biomedical document collections requires effective document retrieval techniques. The latter remains a challenging task due to the domain-specific vocabulary and semantic ambiguity in user queries. We propose BMQExpander, a novel ontology-aware query expansion pipeline that combines medical knowledge - definitions and relationships - from the UMLS Metathesaurus with the generative capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to enhance retrieval effectiveness. We implemented several state-of-the-art baselines, including sparse and dense retrievers, query expansion methods, and biomedical-specific solutions. We show that BMQExpander has superior retrieval performance on three popular biomedical Information Retrieval (IR) benchmarks: NFCorpus, TREC-COVID, and SciFact - with improvements of up to 22.1% in NDCG@10 over sparse baselines and up to 6.5% over the strongest baseline. Further, BMQExpander generalizes robustly under query perturbation settings, in contrast to supervised baselines, achieving up to 15.7% improvement over the strongest baseline. As a side contribution, we publish our paraphrased benchmarks. Finally, our qualitative analysis shows that BMQExpander has fewer hallucinations compared to other LLM-based query expansion baselines.

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