A Ramsey Ion Gradiometer for Single-Molecule State Detection

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.12499v1
• Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 21:06:19 GMT
• Title: A Ramsey Ion Gradiometer for Single-Molecule State Detection
• Authors: Sean D. Huver,
• Abstract summary: We propose a theoretical quantum sensing solution, the Quantum Ligand-Binding Interrogator (QLI)<n>QLI is a differential sensor, or gradiometer, that uses a pair of co-trapped atomic ions to perform label-free detection of the electric field gradient.<n>This paper details the conceptual framework of the QLI, the experimental architecture, the measurement protocol using entangled two-ion spin states, and an analysis of key engineering risks.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: The characterization of ligand--receptor interactions is a cornerstone of modern pharmacology; however, current methods are hampered by limitations such as ensemble averaging and invasive labeling. We propose a theoretical quantum sensing solution, the Quantum Ligand-Binding Interrogator (QLI), designed to overcome these challenges. The QLI is a differential sensor, or gradiometer, that uses a pair of co-trapped atomic ions to perform label-free detection of the electric field gradient produced by a single ligand binding to its receptor in vitrified samples. This gradiometric approach provides robust common-mode rejection of background electric field noise. To bridge the gap between the cryogenic, ultra-high-vacuum environment required for the sensor and the biological sample, we propose an architecture based on a vitrified sample mounted on a scanning probe. This enables the detection of the electrostatic signature of a single molecule in a specific conformational state (e.g., bound vs.\ unbound). This paper details the conceptual framework of the QLI, the experimental architecture, the measurement protocol using entangled two-ion spin states, and an analysis of key engineering risks. Anchoring to state-of-the-art single-ion low-frequency sensitivities (sub-mV\,m$^{-1}$/\,$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$), we project SNR\,=\,1 in tens of seconds at a 10\,\textmu m ion--sample separation for $\Delta p \sim 20$\,D, with feasibility dominated by the (as yet unmeasured) electrostatic stability of vitrified samples. If realized, QLI would provide direct single-molecule measurements of binding-induced electric field changes, offering a new path for experimental validation of computational models of drug--receptor interactions.

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