Otter Weather: Skillful and Computationally Efficient Medium-Range Weather Forecasting

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2606.26421v1
• Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2026 22:23:13 GMT
• Title: Otter Weather: Skillful and Computationally Efficient Medium-Range Weather Forecasting
• Abstract summary: Otter Weather is a highly efficient forecasting model designed to democratise high-performance weather prediction with AI.<n>The version outperforms the best NWP baseline by 9.6% at a 24-hour lead time.<n>Otter-XL achieves a 9.7% improvement over the IFS ENS baseline.
• Score: 30.958839430506156
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: State-of-the-art medium-range AI weather models can outperform traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) but require massive training budgets. This restricts usage for under-resourced groups and severely limits fast model iteration. Here we develop Otter Weather, a highly efficient spatiotemporal forecasting model designed to democratise high-performance weather prediction with AI. Evaluated on ERA5 reanalysis data at 1.5° resolution using standard WeatherBench protocols, the Otter family significantly advances the skill-compute Pareto frontier. The deterministic version outperforms the best NWP baseline by 9.6% at a 24-hour lead time while requiring fewer than 3.5 A100-days for training. It provides a 2x efficiency gain over lightweight AI models and a 100-fold reduction in compute compared to resource-intensive frontier architectures. We extend these efficiency gains into probabilistic forecasting by training via the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS). Scaling to a larger architecture, Otter-XL achieves a 9.7% CRPS improvement over the IFS ENS baseline. This yields an almost two-fold increase in predictive skill over comparable lightweight models at similar compute budgets. Otter-XL also outperforms frontier architectures like GenCast by over 2%, while using an order of magnitude less compute. Finally, Otter is applied out-of-the-box to a complex acoustic scattering PDE task where it outperforms a state-of-the-art foundation modelling approach, suggesting that the advances made here might apply across a range of scientific domains.

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