Characterization of Unlearnable Noise with Mid-Circuit-Measurement-Based Cycle Benchmarking

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2606.29638v2
• Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2026 13:12:46 GMT
• Title: Characterization of Unlearnable Noise with Mid-Circuit-Measurement-Based Cycle Benchmarking
• Abstract summary: We introduce a framework that makes Pauli fidelities and non-Markovian noise learnable via repeated measurements and classical post-processing.<n>We numerically demonstrate the feasibility of characterizing the previously unlearnable noise components.
• Score: 0.28144129864580447
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Noise characterization of multi-qubit entangling Clifford operations is a key practical bottleneck for quantum error mitigation and for the calibration, validation, and optimization of quantum error-correction protocols, especially in the presence of state preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors. Although cycle benchmarking can isolate some Pauli error components, it cannot resolve the problem of coupled error parameters, which leads to unlearnable degrees of freedom even in simple noisy gates, not to mention general $n$-qubit Clifford gates. Here we introduce mid-circuit-measurement-based generalized cycle benchmarking, a framework that makes otherwise unidentifiable Pauli fidelities and non-Markovian noise learnable via repeated measurements and classical post-processing. Applying the deferred feed-forward principle to generalized cycle benchmarking, we show that an insertion of mid-circuit measurements can reverse Pauli cycles induced by a general Clifford gate. This fact enables us to reveal a Pauli-noise learnability condition for Clifford gates. Assuming sufficient state preparation quality, we numerically demonstrate the feasibility of characterizing the previously unlearnable noise components. We implement the protocol on superconducting quantum processing units and validate its effectiveness in disambiguating the coupled noise components, benchmarked against conventional tomography. Finally, we observe consistent measurement-induced bit-flip bias and non-Markovian correlations, which define a range of applicability for the Pauli noise model and the proposed noise-characterization protocol.

Related papers

• Quantum Enhanced Pauli Propagation [0.0]
  We propose a hybrid algorithm that uses quantum resources to improve the accuracy of approximate classical Pauli-path simulation.<n>Noisy quantum expectation values are then used to infer a global rescaling factor that corrects quantum execution of the target circuit.<n>QuEPP offers a simple, scalable, and model-free framework for enabling accurate quantum computation in the pre-fault-tolerant era.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2026-03-15T17:04:36Z)
• Adaptive Fidelity Estimation for Quantum Programs with Graph-Guided Noise Awareness [30.900274564864223]
  QuFid is an adaptive and noise-aware framework that determines measurement budgets online.<n>We show that QuFid significantly reduces measurement cost compared to fixed-shot and learning-based baselines.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2026-01-21T07:04:05Z)
• Characterizing Superconducting Qubits using Averaged Circuit Eigenvalue Sampling [0.0]
  ACES protocol is used to characterize two coupled superconducting qubits.<n>We verify the accuracy of the protocol by comparing the predicted gate fidelities to that extracted from conventional benchmarking approaches.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-10-02T18:03:38Z)
• Disambiguating Pauli noise in quantum computers [5.9039349711987645]
  We show that when learnable parameters are self-consistently characterized, the unlearnable (gauge) degrees of freedom do not impact predictions of noisy dynamics or error mitigation.<n>We use the recently introduced framework of gate set Pauli noise learning to efficiently and self-consistently characterize and mitigate noise of a complete gate set.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-05-28T17:46:17Z)
• Universal quantum computation via scalable measurement-free error correction [45.29832252085144]
  We show that universal quantum computation can be made fault-tolerant in a scenario where the error-correction is implemented without mid-circuit measurements.<n>We introduce a measurement-free deformation protocol of the Bacon-Shor code to realize a logical $mathitCCZ$ gate.<n>In particular, our findings support that below-breakeven logical performance is achievable with a circuit-level error rate below $10-3$.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-12-19T18:55:44Z)
• Multi-Layer Cycle Benchmarking for high-accuracy error characterization [0.0]
  We introduce Multi-Layer Cycle Benchmarking (MLCB) to improve the learnability associated with effective Pauli noise models.<n>In realistic scenarios, MLCB can reduce unlearnable noise degrees of freedom by up to $75%$, improving the accuracy of sparse Pauli-Lindblad noise models.<n>Our results highlight MLCB as a scalable, practical tool for precise noise characterization and improved quantum computation.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-12-12T15:00:31Z)
• Bayesian Quantum Amplitude Estimation [46.03321798937855]
  We present BAE, a problem-tailored and noise-aware Bayesian algorithm for quantum amplitude estimation.<n>In a fault tolerant scenario, BAE is capable of saturating the Heisenberg limit; if device noise is present, BAE can dynamically characterize it and self-adapt.<n>We propose a benchmark for amplitude estimation algorithms and use it to test BAE against other approaches.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-12-05T18:09:41Z)
• Symmetric Clifford twirling for cost-optimal quantum error mitigation in early FTQC regime [0.0]
  We show how each Pauli noise is converted through the twirling and show that certain Pauli noise can be scrambled to a noise exponentially close to the global white noise.<n>These findings enable us to mitigate errors in non-Clifford operations with minimal sampling overhead in the early fault-tolerant regime.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-05-13T13:14:01Z)
• Scalable noise characterization of syndrome-extraction circuits with averaged circuit eigenvalue sampling [0.0]
  We develop a scalable noise characterisation protocol suited to characterising the syndrome extraction circuits of quantum error correcting codes.<n>Our results indicate that detailed noise characterisation methods are scalable to near-term quantum devices.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-04-09T18:00:30Z)
• Scalable noisy quantum circuits for biased-noise qubits [37.69303106863453]
  We consider biased-noise qubits affected only by bit-flip errors, which is motivated by existing systems of stabilized cat qubits. For realistic noise models, phase-flip will not be negligible, but in the Pauli-Twirling approximation, we show that our benchmark could check the correctness of circuits containing up to $106$ gates.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-05-03T11:27:50Z)
• Noise effects on purity and quantum entanglement in terms of physical implementability [27.426057220671336]
  Quantum decoherence due to imperfect manipulation of quantum devices is a key issue in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. Standard analyses in quantum information and quantum computation use error rates to parameterize quantum noise channels. We propose to characterize the decoherence effect of a noise channel by the physical implementability of its inverse.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2022-07-04T13:35:17Z)
• Measuring NISQ Gate-Based Qubit Stability Using a 1+1 Field Theory and Cycle Benchmarking [50.8020641352841]
  We study coherent errors on a quantum hardware platform using a transverse field Ising model Hamiltonian as a sample user application. We identify inter-day and intra-day qubit calibration drift and the impacts of quantum circuit placement on groups of qubits in different physical locations on the processor. This paper also discusses how these measurements can provide a better understanding of these types of errors and how they may improve efforts to validate the accuracy of quantum computations.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2022-01-08T23:12:55Z)
• Efficient and robust certification of genuine multipartite entanglement in noisy quantum error correction circuits [58.720142291102135]
  We introduce a conditional witnessing technique to certify genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) We prove that the detection of entanglement in a linear number of bipartitions by a number of measurements scales linearly, suffices to certify GME. We apply our method to the noisy readout of stabilizer operators of the distance-three topological color code and its flag-based fault-tolerant version.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-10-06T18:00:07Z)

This list is automatically generated from the titles and abstracts of the papers in this site.

This site does not guarantee the quality of this site (including all information) and is not responsible for any consequences.