Simple Supervision Is Hard to Beat: A Bitter Lesson from Sparse Target Labels in Domain-Adaptive Object Detection

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2606.30795v1
• Date: Mon, 29 Jun 2026 18:21:09 GMT
• Title: Simple Supervision Is Hard to Beat: A Bitter Lesson from Sparse Target Labels in Domain-Adaptive Object Detection
• Abstract summary: Source-free domain adaptive object detection adapts a source-trained detector to an unlabeled target domain, typically through teacher-student self-training with pseudo-labels.<n>We introduce Random-Target Supervised Mixing (RTSM), a simple anchor that incorporates these annotations through a supervised detection loss while leaving the original unlabeled adaptation branch unchanged.
• Score: 15.036291423058847
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Source-free domain adaptive object detection adapts a source-trained detector to an unlabeled target domain, typically through teacher-student self-training with pseudo-labels. We revisit this setting when a small, uniformly sampled subset of target images is labeled. We introduce Random-Target Supervised Mixing (RTSM), a simple anchor that incorporates these annotations through a supervised detection loss while leaving the original unlabeled adaptation branch unchanged. Across evaluations spanning four SFDA-OD methods, two object detectors, multiple adaptation tasks, and target-label budgets from 1% to 10%, RTSM consistently improves pure SFDA by 1.7 to 18.3 AP50. We then examine whether the same annotations can provide further gains by steering unlabeled self-training. To this end, we evaluate ten sparse-label feedback plugins covering pseudo-label selection, object completion, and optimization control, which yield limited and method-dependent gains over RTSM. These results reveal a bitter lesson for sparse-label SFDA-OD: simple supervision is hard to beat. RTSM therefore provides a simple yet effective anchor for sparse-label SFDA-OD.

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