Responsible and Regulatory Conform Machine Learning for Medicine: A
Survey of Technical Challenges and Solutions
- URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09546v1
- Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2021 15:03:05 GMT
- Title: Responsible and Regulatory Conform Machine Learning for Medicine: A
Survey of Technical Challenges and Solutions
- Authors: Eike Petersen, Yannik Potdevin, Esfandiar Mohammadi, Stephan Zidowitz,
Sabrina Breyer, Dirk Nowotka, Sandra Henn, Ludwig Pechmann, Martin Leucker,
Philipp Rostalski and Christian Herzog
- Abstract summary: We survey the technical challenges involved in creating medical machine learning systems responsibly.
We discuss the underlying technical challenges, possible ways for addressing them, and their respective merits and drawbacks.
- Score: 4.325945017291532
- License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
- Abstract: Machine learning is expected to fuel significant improvements in medical
care. To ensure that fundamental principles such as beneficence, respect for
human autonomy, prevention of harm, justice, privacy, and transparency are
respected, medical machine learning applications must be developed responsibly.
In this paper, we survey the technical challenges involved in creating medical
machine learning systems responsibly and in conformity with existing
regulations, as well as possible solutions to address these challenges. We
begin by providing a brief overview of existing regulations affecting medical
machine learning, showing that properties such as safety, robustness,
reliability, privacy, security, transparency, explainability, and
nondiscrimination are all demanded already by existing law and regulations -
albeit, in many cases, to an uncertain degree. Next, we discuss the underlying
technical challenges, possible ways for addressing them, and their respective
merits and drawbacks. We notice that distribution shift, spurious correlations,
model underspecification, and data scarcity represent severe challenges in the
medical context (and others) that are very difficult to solve with classical
black-box deep neural networks. Important measures that may help to address
these challenges include the use of large and representative datasets and
federated learning as a means to that end, the careful exploitation of domain
knowledge wherever feasible, the use of inherently transparent models,
comprehensive model testing and verification, as well as stakeholder inclusion.
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