Charge stability and charge-state-based spin readout of shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.14154v2
• Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 15:54:40 GMT
• Title: Charge stability and charge-state-based spin readout of shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
• Authors: Rakshyakar Giri, Rasmus H. Jensen, Deepak Khurana, Juanita Bocquel, Ilya P. Radko, Johannes Lang, Christian Osterkamp, Fedor Jelezko, Kirstine Berg-Sorensen, Ulrik L. Andersen, and Alexander Huck
• Abstract summary: Spin-to-charge conversion enables extended measurement times, increasing precision and minimizing noise in the readout. Nano-scale sensing applications require shallow NV centers within a few $sinano meter$ distance from the surface. We demonstrate the SCC protocol on four shallow NV centers suitable for nano-scale sensing, obtaining a reduced readout noise of 5--6 times the spin-projection noise limit.
• Score: 32.937319301495144
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Spin-based applications of the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamonds require efficient spin readout. One approach is the spin-to-charge conversion (SCC), relying on mapping the spin states onto the neutral (NV$^0$) and negative (NV$^-$) charge states followed by a subsequent charge readout. With high charge-state stability, SCC enables extended measurement times, increasing precision and minimizing noise in the readout compared to the commonly used fluorescence detection. Nano-scale sensing applications, however, require shallow NV centers within a few $\si{\nano \meter}$ distance from the surface where surface related effects might degrade the NV charge state. In this article, we investigate the charge state initialization and stability of single NV centers implanted $\approx \SI{5}{\nano \meter}$ below the surface of a flat diamond plate. We demonstrate the SCC protocol on four shallow NV centers suitable for nano-scale sensing, obtaining a reduced readout noise of 5--6 times the spin-projection noise limit. We investigate the general applicability of SCC for shallow NV centers and observe a correlation between NV charge-state stability and readout noise. Coating the diamond with glycerol improves both charge initialization and stability. Our results reveal the influence of the surface-related charge environment on the NV charge properties and motivate further investigations to functionalize the diamond surface with glycerol or other materials for charge-state stabilization and efficient spin-state readout of shallow NV centers suitable for nano-scale sensing.

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