Universal trade-off between irreversibility and intrinsic timescale in thermal relaxation with applications to thermodynamic inference

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.06428v3
• Date: Fri, 03 Oct 2025 10:59:41 GMT
• Title: Universal trade-off between irreversibility and intrinsic timescale in thermal relaxation with applications to thermodynamic inference
• Authors: Ruicheng Bao, Chaoqun Du, Zhiyu Cao, Zhonghuai Hou,
• Abstract summary: We establish a general lower bound for the entropy production rate based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence and the Logarithmic-Sobolev constant.<n>When applied to thermal relaxation, it reveals a universal trade-off relation between the dissipation rate and the intrinsic relaxation timescale.
• Score: 3.5057035107656733
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: We establish a general lower bound for the entropy production rate (EPR) based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence and the Logarithmic-Sobolev constant that characterizes the time-scale of relaxation. This bound can be considered as an enhanced second law of thermodynamics. When applied to thermal relaxation, it reveals a universal trade-off relation between the dissipation rate and the intrinsic relaxation timescale. From this relation, a thermodynamic upper bound on the relaxation time between two given states emerges, acting as an inverse speed limit over the entire time region. We also obtain a quantum version of this upper bound, which is always tighter than its classical counterpart, incorporating an additional term due to decoherence. Remarkably, we further demonstrate that the trade-off relation remains valid for any generally non-Markovian coarse-grained relaxation dynamics, highlighting its significant applications in thermodynamic inference. This trade-off relation is a new tool in inferring EPRs in molecular dynamics simulations and practical experiments.

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