The composition rule for quantum systems is not the only possible one

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.15964v2
• Date: Tue, 17 Dec 2024 18:40:00 GMT
• Title: The composition rule for quantum systems is not the only possible one
• Authors: Marco Erba, Paolo Perinotti,
• Abstract summary: We argue that the composition postulate deserves to be experimentally scrutinised independently of the other features of quantum theory. We formulate a family of operational theories that are solely distinguished from standard quantum theory by their system-composition rule.
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• Abstract: Quantum theory provides a significant example of two intermingling hallmarks of science: the ability to consistently combine physical systems and study them compositely; and the power to extract predictions in the form of correlations. A striking consequence of this facet is the violation of a principle termed $\textit{local realism}$, which has been experimentally demonstrated via so-called $\textit{Bell tests}$. The prediction of this phenomenon originates as quantum systems are prescribed to combine according to the $\textit{composition postulate}$, i.e. the tensor-product rule. This rule has also an operationally sound formulation -- rather than just a purely mathematical one -- given in terms of discriminability of states via local measurements. Yet, both the theoretical and the empirical status of such postulate has been constantly challenged over the decades: is it possible to deduce it from the remaining postulates? Here, we solve this long-standing problem by answering in the negative. We formulate a family of operational theories that are solely distinguished from standard quantum theory by their system-composition rule, while, at the same time, they cannot be told apart by Bell-like experiments. Quantum theory is thus established to genuinely embody more content than quantum correlations. As a result, foundational programmes based on single-system principles only, or on mere Bell-like correlations, are operationally incomplete. On the experimental side, ascertaining the independence of postulates is a fundamental step to adjudicate between quantum theory and alternative physical theories: hence, the composition postulate deserves to be experimentally scrutinised independently of the other features of quantum theory.

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