Quantum Key Distribution with Spatial Modes: From 360 to 5000-Dimensional Hilbert Space

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.22058v2
• Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 20:02:44 GMT
• Title: Quantum Key Distribution with Spatial Modes: From 360 to 5000-Dimensional Hilbert Space
• Authors: Lukas Scarfe, Yingwen Zhang, Ebrahim Karimi,
• Abstract summary: We present a high-dimensional QKD protocol utilizing the position and momentum entanglement of photon pairs.<n>We achieve a photon information efficiency of 5.07 bits per photon using 90 spatial modes, and a maximum bit rate of 0.9 Kb/s with 361 modes.
• Score: 0.5097809301149342
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Here, we present a high-dimensional QKD protocol utilizing the position and momentum entanglement of photon pairs. The protocol exploits the fact that position and momentum form mutually unbiased bases, linked via a Fourier transform. One photon of the entangled pair is measured by the sender in a randomly chosen basis-either position or momentum - selected passively via a 50:50 beamsplitter. This projective measurement remotely prepares the partner photon in a corresponding spatial mode, which is sent to the receiver (Bob), who similarly performs a random measurement in one of the two basis. This approach combines state preparation and measurement into a single process, eliminating the need for external random number generators. In this proof-of-principle demonstration, we achieve a photon information efficiency of 5.07 bits per photon using 90 spatial modes, and a maximum bit rate of 0.9 Kb/s with 361 modes. Looking ahead, we theoretically show that using the same entangled photon source but with next-generation event-based cameras - featuring improved quantum efficiency, timing and spatial resolution - our approach could achieve 10.9 bits per photon at 2500 spatial modes, and a maximum bit rate of 3.1 Mb/s with 5100 modes. This work establishes a scalable path toward high-dimensional, spatially encoded quantum communication with both high photon efficiency and secure bit rates.

Related papers

• Near-unity quantum interference of transverse spatial modes in an ultra-compact inverse-designed photonic device [0.23217948176882763]
  We show quantum interference using inverse-designed transverse mode beamsplitters that have an ultra-compact footprint of 3 $mu m$ $times$ 3 $mu m$.<n>We measure a Hong-Ou-Mandel visibility of up to 99.56$pm$0.64 % from a single device, with an average visibility across three identical devices of 99.38$pm$0.41 %, indicating a high degree of engineering.<n>Our work demonstrates that inverse-designed components are suitable for quantum interference on-chip of multimode devices, paving the way for future compact integrated
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-05-13T15:30:47Z)
• Efficient and reversible optical-to-spin conversion for solid-state quantum memories [28.617171327458585]
  Long-duration and efficient quantum memories for photons are key components of quantum repeater and network applications. We present modeling and measurements of the back-and-forth, optical-to-spin conversion for an atomic frequency comb memory. Our methods and results pave the way for long-duration storage of single photon states in 151Eu3+:Y2SiO5 with high signal-to-noise, at the millisecond timescale.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-10-18T15:47:34Z)
• High-dimensional maximally entangled photon pairs in parametric down-conversion [0.0]
  Laguerre-Gaussian modes, which carry orbital angular momentum (OAM), are commonly exploited to engineer high-dimensional entangled quantum states. For Hilbert spaces with d>2, maximally entangled states (MESs) help to improve the capacity and security of quantum communication protocols. We formalize how the spatial distribution of the pump beam and the nonlinear profile of the crystal can be simultaneously utilized to generate MES.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-07-12T14:13:04Z)
• High-dimensional quantum key distribution using orbital angular momentum of single photons from a colloidal quantum dot at room temperature [0.6730898405113309]
  High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HDQKD) is a promising avenue to address the inherent limitations of basic QKD protocols. We demonstrate a full emulation of a HDQKD system using a single colloidal giant quantum dot (gQD) as a deterministic, compact and room-temperature single-photon source. We also demonstrate experimentally secure qudit transmission exceeding one secure bit per photon, thus already beating the traditional d=2 QKD capacity.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-05-06T11:31:26Z)
• On-demand shaped photon emission based on a parametrically modulated qubit [18.600099693095995]
  A single-rail and dual-rail time-bin shaped photon generator can act as a quantum interface of a point-to-point quantum network.<n>We develop an efficient photon field measurement setup based on the data stream processing of GPU.<n>The results demonstrate that our method is hardware efficient, simple to implement, and scalable.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-05-02T16:53:54Z)
• High-dimensional quantum correlation measurements with an adaptively gated hybrid single-photon camera [58.720142291102135]
  We propose an adaptively-gated hybrid intensified camera (HIC) that combines a high spatial resolution sensor and a high temporal resolution detector. With a spatial resolution of nearly 9 megapixels and nanosecond temporal resolution, this system allows for the realization of previously infeasible quantum optics experiments.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-05-25T16:59:27Z)
• Dynamic generation of photonic spatial quantum states with an all-fiber platform [0.0]
  Photonic spatial quantum states are a subject of great interest for applications in quantum communication. One important challenge has been how to generate these states using only fiber-optical components. We propose and experimentally demonstrate an all-fiber system that can dynamically switch between any general transverse spatial qubit state.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-03-16T18:40:45Z)
• Quantum Key Distribution Using a Quantum Emitter in Hexagonal Boron Nitride [48.97025221755422]
  We demonstrate a room temperature, discrete-variable quantum key distribution system using a bright single photon source in hexagonal-boron nitride. We have generated keys with one million bits length, and demonstrated a secret key of approximately 70,000 bits, at a quantum bit error rate of 6%. Our work demonstrates the first proof of concept finite-key BB84 QKD system realised with hBN defects.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-02-13T09:38:51Z)
• QUICK$^3$ -- Design of a satellite-based quantum light source for quantum communication and extended physical theory tests in space [73.86330563258117]
  Single photon source can enhance secure data rates in satellite-based quantum key distribution scenarios. payload is being integrated into a 3U CubeSat and scheduled for launch in 2024 into low Earth orbit.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-01-26T15:34:11Z)
• Quantum-limited millimeter wave to optical transduction [50.663540427505616]
  Long distance transmission of quantum information is a central ingredient of distributed quantum information processors. Current approaches to transduction employ solid state links between electrical and optical domains. We demonstrate quantum-limited transduction of millimeter-wave (mmwave) photons into optical photons using cold $85$Rb atoms as the transducer.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2022-07-20T18:04:26Z)
• Regression of high dimensional angular momentum states of light [47.187609203210705]
  We present an approach to reconstruct input OAM states from measurements of the spatial intensity distributions they produce. We showcase our approach in a real photonic setup, generating up-to-four-dimensional OAM states through a quantum walk dynamics.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2022-06-20T16:16:48Z)
• On exploring the potential of quantum auto-encoder for learning quantum systems [60.909817434753315]
  We devise three effective QAE-based learning protocols to address three classically computational hard learning problems. Our work sheds new light on developing advanced quantum learning algorithms to accomplish hard quantum physics and quantum information processing tasks.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-06-29T14:01:40Z)
• Multidimensional cluster states using a single spin-photon interface coupled strongly to an intrinsic nuclear register [48.7576911714538]
  Photonic cluster states are a powerful resource for measurement-based quantum computing and loss-tolerant quantum communication. We propose the generation of multi-dimensional lattice cluster states using a single, efficient spin-photon interface coupled strongly to a nuclear register.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-04-26T14:41:01Z)
• Towards efficient quantum memory of orbital angular momentum qubits in cold atoms [12.466132476603132]
  spatial modes of light, carrying a quantized amount of orbital angular momentum (OAM), is one of the excellent candidates that provides access to high-dimensional quantum states. We report the storage and retrieval of photonic qubits encoded with OAM state in the cold atomic ensemble.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-12-23T02:17:59Z)
• Quantum computational advantage using photons [23.8675435287082]
  We perform experiments with 50 input single-mode squeezed states with high indistinguishability and squeezing parameters. We observe up to 76 output photon-clicks, which yield an output state space of $1030$ and a sampling rate that is $1014$ faster than using the state-of-the-art simulation strategy and supercomputers.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-12-03T01:16:30Z)
• Entanglement transfer, accumulation and retrieval via quantum-walk-based qubit-qudit dynamics [50.591267188664666]
  Generation and control of quantum correlations in high-dimensional systems is a major challenge in the present landscape of quantum technologies. We propose a protocol that is able to attain entangled states of $d$-dimensional systems through a quantum-walk-based it transfer & accumulate mechanism. In particular, we illustrate a possible photonic implementation where the information is encoded in the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom of single photons.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-10-14T14:33:34Z)
• Fast Generation and Detection of Spatial Modes of Light using an Acousto-Optic Modulator [62.997667081978825]
  spatial modes of light provide a high-dimensional space that can be used to encode both classical and quantum information. Current approaches for dynamically generating and measuring these modes are slow, due to the need to reconfigure a high-resolution phase mask. We experimentally realize this approach, using a double-pass AOM to generate one of five orbital angular momentum states. We are able to reconstruct arbitrary states in under 1 ms with an average fidelity of 96.9%.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-07-31T14:58:30Z)
• Near-ideal spontaneous photon sources in silicon quantum photonics [55.41644538483948]
  Integrated photonics is a robust platform for quantum information processing. Sources of single photons that are highly indistinguishable and pure, that are either near-deterministic or heralded with high efficiency, have been elusive. Here, we demonstrate on-chip photon sources that simultaneously meet each of these requirements.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-05-19T16:46:44Z)
• Efficient time-bin encoding for practical high-dimensional quantum key distribution [0.0]
  High-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) allows to achieve information-theoretic secure communications. We present a novel scheme for fiber-based 4-dimensional QKD, with time and phase encoding and one-decoy state technique.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-04-07T15:51:29Z)

This list is automatically generated from the titles and abstracts of the papers in this site.

This site does not guarantee the quality of this site (including all information) and is not responsible for any consequences.