Non-equilibrium critical scaling and universality in a quantum simulator

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2309.10856v2
• Date: Sat, 13 Sep 2025 18:07:12 GMT
• Title: Non-equilibrium critical scaling and universality in a quantum simulator
• Authors: Arinjoy De, Patrick Cook, Mostafa Ali, Kate Collins, William Morong, Daniel Paz, Paraj Titum, Guido Pagano, Alexey V. Gorshkov, Mohammad Maghrebi, CHristopher Monroe,
• Abstract summary: We show that a second quench from one critical state to another results in a new universal non-equilibrium behavior.<n>Our results demonstrate the ability of quantum simulators to explore universal scaling beyond equilibrium.
• Score: 0.04628661593878136
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Universality and scaling laws are hallmarks of equilibrium phase transitions and critical phenomena. However, extending these concepts to non-equilibrium systems is an outstanding challenge. Despite recent progress in the study of dynamical phases, the universality classes and scaling laws for non-equilibrium phenomena are far less understood than those in equilibrium. In this work, using a trapped-ion quantum simulator with single-spin resolution, we investigate the non-equilibrium nature of critical fluctuations following a quantum quench to the critical point. We probe the scaling of spin fluctuations after a series of quenches to the critical Hamiltonian of a long-range Ising model. With systems of up to 50 spins, we show that the amplitude and timescale of the post-quench fluctuations scale with system size with distinct universal critical exponents, depending on the quench protocol. While a generic quench can lead to thermal critical behavior, we find that a second quench from one critical state to another (i.e.~a double quench) results in a new universal non-equilibrium behavior, identified by a set of critical exponents distinct from their equilibrium counterparts. Our results demonstrate the ability of quantum simulators to explore universal scaling beyond equilibrium.

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