The thermodynamic trilemma of efficient measurements

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.14136v1
• Date: Wed, 19 Feb 2025 22:44:12 GMT
• Title: The thermodynamic trilemma of efficient measurements
• Authors: M. Hamed Mohammady, Francesco Buscemi,
• Abstract summary: This work investigates the consequences of assuming that the quantum measurement process is thermodynamically closable. We find that efficient measurements are fundamentally at odds with the laws of thermodynamics, lest we abandon the universal applicability of the unitary interaction-based indirect measurement model.
• Score: 2.4554686192257424
• License:
• Abstract: This work investigates the consequences of assuming that the quantum measurement process -- i.e., the physical realization of a measurement through an interaction between the system to be measured with a measuring device -- is thermodynamically closable, and thus amenable to thermodynamic analysis. Our results show that this assumption leads to a fundamental tension between the following three statements: (i), the measurement process is consistent with the second and third laws of thermodynamics; (ii), the measurement process is decomposed into two independent sub-processes: a bistochastic interaction between system and measuring device, followed by a readout mechanism on the measuring device; and (iii), the measurement on the system is efficient, i.e., characterized by operations that are completely purity-preserving and represented by a single measurement operator, thus including the von Neumann--L\"uders and the square-root state reduction rules. Any two of the above statements necessarily exclude the third. As a consequence, efficient measurements are fundamentally at odds with the laws of thermodynamics, lest we abandon the universal applicability of the unitary interaction-based indirect measurement model.

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